Relationship view

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a unique method and user interface that facilitates accessing and browsing objects in which a user begins with a center object (e.g., one or a few focal objects) displayed on a screen and related objects are populated on the screen as well. The related objects can be further organized into clusters whereby each cluster or grouping of objects expands on a particular attribute of the center object. The attributes correspond to metadata. Thus, the objects are populated based upon the metadata of the center object. According to one aspect, the user can access one or more specific objects having a plurality of attributes and then relax at least one of the attributes to see what other objects share at least one attribute with the center object. According to another aspect, the object having the closest match to a search request can be centrally displayed with other close matches arranged by their respective metadata.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/420,414 filed on Apr. 22, 2003, entitled “RELATIONSHIP VIEW”, theentirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to browsing objects, and moreparticularly to displaying an initial object(s) and related objectswhich share metadata with the initial object(s) along multiple axes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

As the availability of searchable objects (e.g., movies, music,photographs, e-mail, documents, text, word(s), phrase(s), files, videoor sound cliplets, pictures, and/or messages) has increased, the task ofeffectively browsing and retrieving these objects has become difficultand cumbersome. Conventional systems for searching, browsing, modifying,sorting, and the like have provided limited ability for a user to accessthe objects in a meaningful manner.

For example, photographs digitally scanned onto a computer processortypically have nonsensical filenames associated therewith, making itdifficult to manipulate and organize them. Providing more meaningfulinformation to each file or media object must be done individually andseparately which is time-consuming and tedious for regular or frequentuse involving editing, sampling, and viewing, for example. Further,conventional browsing systems are typically rigid and thus limit auser's ability to personalize such systems. Conventionalsearching/browsing methods also have limited options for providing anddisplaying results. Moreover, conventional browsing systems remaincomplex and incomprehensible for quick retrieval, use, and viewing ofthe objects while traditional methods remain stagnate and inadequate fortoday's user.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The following presents a simplified summary of the invention in order toprovide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. Thissummary is not an extensive overview of the invention. It is notintended to identify key/critical elements of the invention or todelineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to presentsome concepts of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to themore detailed description that is presented later.

The present invention relates to an improved methodology thatfacilitates accessing and browsing focal objects and related objectsbased at least in part upon a set of criteria or attributes of the focalobjects. One aspect of the invention involves focusing down to a desiredset of attributes (e.g., axes), wherein a focal or target object isdisplayed. One or more of the attributes (e.g., one or more axes) canthen be relaxed to browse a plurality of other objects which can berelated to the target object in at least one attribute. Further, suchobjects can be dynamically organized into clusters whereby each clustershares a different attribute with the target object. Thus, the pluralityof attributes of the target object can be individually represented inrespective clusters (or objects), thereby allowing a user to see and/orbrowse objects that are “in the neighborhood” of the target.

In particular, there are two complementary approaches for browsinginformation spaces. One approach involves browsing and/or searching alarge set of initial objects (e.g., all employees, e-mail, movies, etc.)whereby metadata associated with the respective objects are employed tofilter a population of appropriate matches, thus progressivelydecreasing the number of matching objects to a manageable number. Thisapproach facilitates rapidly finding a single target object (e.g.,letter created today by John and addressed to Sue Smith concerninglawsuit) and/or multiple target objects (e.g., all emails from Johnreceived this month) from the large set of initial objects using themetadata associated with the respective objects.

A second and complementary approach operates in an opposite fashion.With this approach, a user begins with a smaller set of initialobject(s) (e.g., one or a few objects) having metadata associatedtherewith such that the initial object(s) is displayed with one or moreclusters of objects. The one or more clusters of objects share metadatawith the initial object(s) along a plurality of different axes. Forexample, an object of focus such as a photograph is centrally displayedon a screen while any suitable number of clusters of photographs isdisplayed in the peripheral areas of the screen. Each of the clusters ofphotographs shares metadata with the object of focus along severaldifferent axes. While browsing through any one cluster of photographs, auser can select any object therefrom to make the selected object a newobject of focus. Another set of peripheral clusters could then bedisplayed in a similar manner. New objects can be selected to be thefocus and new clusters can be populated according to the metadata sharedwith the current object of focus.

Moreover, clusters can be based on a variety of attributes includinginformation gleaned from collaborative filtering such as what otherusers selected, liked, searched for and/or browsed through. The displayand/or arrangement of the clusters facilitate a user to browse alongdifferent and/or tangential axes that are related to the initial axis.For instance, the user can begin browsing Julia Roberts movies and endup looking at Burt Bacharach music.

As briefly discussed supra, the invention employs metadata such asduring browsing and searching among and through various objects.Metadata can include intrinsic metadata (e.g., creation date, contenttype, size, modification date . . . ) as well as extrinsic metadata(e.g., human description of the content). Intrinsic metadata can beextracted from and associated with the item. Extrinsic metadata can begenerated based at least in part by user instructions as well as by ananalysis of the items via pattern recognition, speech recognition,content analysis, face detection and the like. Further, the extrinsicmetadata can be propagated in a hierarchal arrangement, therebyfacilitating browsing, displaying, and/or searching of the objects.

Metadata can be pre-appended to the respective objects and/or can beextracted from a cluster of objects and then appended thereto. Thispermits personalization and customization of the browsing techniques andfurther facilitates browsing and/or searching among clusters of objects.Furthermore, the metadata as described herein can facilitatedemonstrating and viewing relationships and/or degrees of separationbetween objects. That is, by having a set of items populated based onthe metadata of the center item and viewed together with the centeritem, the user is able to focus on a center item while also looking atother items (clusters) which are each independently related in part tothe center item.

Another aspect of the subject invention employs artificial intelligencesystems to facilitate browsing, clustering and displaying of variousobjects based at least in part upon historical data relating to theobjects, browsing preferences, and the like. This facilitates automaticand timely displaying and browsing objects, including new objects addedto one or more object data stores. The browsing and/or clusteringmechanisms can be trained to automatically search for related newobjects in the object data store and process them according topreviously set annotation and cluster parameters.

To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, certainillustrative aspects of the invention are described herein in connectionwith the following description and the annexed drawings. These aspectsare indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which theprinciples of the invention may be employed and the present invention isintended to include all such aspects and their equivalents. Otheradvantages and novel features of the invention may become apparent fromthe following detailed description of the invention when considered inconjunction with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a general block diagram of an exemplary system thatfacilitates browsing and searching of objects and objects relatedthereto in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary methodology thatfacilitates searching and browsing objects in accordance with an aspectof the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary methodology thatfacilitates accessing and browsing objects in accordance with an aspectof the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary process for browsingobjects in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an exemplary user interface for browsingobjects in accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an exemplary user interface for browsing inaccordance with still another aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a relationship between browsing acenter object and related peripheral clusters of objects in accordancewith an aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a relationship between a center object andits related peripheral objects in accordance with an aspect of thepresent invention.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a relationship between a center object andits related peripheral objects in accordance with an aspect of thepresent invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary user interface in accordance with onespecific implementation of the subject invention.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary user interface in accordance with onespecific implementation of the subject invention.

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary environment for implementing variousaspects of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is now described with reference to the drawings,wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elementsthroughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation,numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the present invention. It may be evident, however, thatthe present invention may be practiced without these specific details.In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in blockdiagram form in order to facilitate describing the present invention.

As used in this application, the terms “component” and “system” areintended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, acombination of hardware and software, software, or software inexecution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being,a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable,a thread of execution, a program, and a computer. By way ofillustration, both an application running on a server and the server canbe a component. One or more components may reside within a processand/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on onecomputer and/or distributed between two or more computers.

In addition, the term “object” as employed in this application isintended to refer to pictures, photographs, music, sounds, text, e-mail,movies, video, messages, documents, slides, movie or video stills,streaming video and/or audio, and/or any combination thereof and/or anycliplet thereof, and in any suitable format or file type for carryingout the subject invention.

As used herein, the term “inference” refers generally to the process ofreasoning about or inferring states of the system, environment, and/oruser from a set of observations as captured via events and/or data.Inference can be employed to identify a specific context or action, orcan generate a probability distribution over states, for example. Theinference can be probabilistic—that is, the computation of a probabilitydistribution over states of interest based on a consideration of dataand events. Inference can also refer to techniques employed forcomposing higher-level events from a set of events and/or data. Suchinference results in the construction of new events or actions from aset of observed events and/or stored event data, whether or not theevents are correlated in close temporal proximity, and whether theevents and data come from one or several event and data sources.

Accordingly, the subject invention (e.g., in connection with accessing,browsing, and/or clustering objects) can employ various artificialintelligence based schemes for carrying out various aspects of thesubject invention. For example, clustering objects can be facilitatedvia an automatic clustering and/or grouping process. Such clusteringand/or grouping can employ a probabilistic and/or statistical-basedanalysis (e.g., factoring into the analysis utilities and costs) toprognose or infer an action that a user desires to be automaticallyperformed. For example, a support vector machine (SVM) classifier can beemployed. Other classification approaches include Bayesian networks,decision trees, and probabilistic classification models providingdifferent patterns of independence can be employed. Classification asused herein also is inclusive of statistical regression that is utilizedto develop models of priority.

As will be readily appreciated from the subject specification, thesubject invention can employ classifiers that are explicitly trained(e.g., via a generic training data) as well as implicitly trained (e.g.,via observing user behavior, receiving extrinsic information . . . ) sothat the classifier(s) automatically annotates, files, groups, clusters,and merges media items in accordance with user preferences. For example,with respect to Support Vector Machines (SVM) which are well understood,it is to be appreciated that other classifier models may also beutilized such as Naive Bayes, Bayes Net, decision tree and otherlearning models. SVM's are configured via a learning or training phasewithin a classifier constructor and feature selection module. Aclassifier is a function that maps an input attribute vector, x=(x1, x2,x3, x4, xn), to a confidence that the input belongs to a class; that is,f(x)=confidence(class). In the case of text-based media classification,for example, attributes are words or phrases or other domain-specificattributes derived from the words (e.g., parts of speech, presence ofkey terms), and the classes are categories or areas of interest (e.g.,levels of priorities).

Referring now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a general block diagram ofa system 100 that facilitates browsing and viewing among objects andother objects related thereto based at least in part upon user input.The system 100 comprises an input receiver component 110 that receivesan input regarding an object or primary object. The input component 110communicates the input (e.g., primary object) to a relationshipcomponent 120 which is coupled thereto. The relationship component 120receives information about the primary object from the input component110. The relationship component 120 can access related objects from oneor more databases 130 (e.g., individually referred to as database1 132and databaseN 134, where N is an integer greater than or equal to one)also coupled thereto via employment of metadata. That is, metadataassociated with the primary object is received by the relationshipcomponent 120. The relationship component 120 can search and accessother objects having metadata related at least in part to the metadataof the primary object.

For example, imagine that the primary object has metadata A, B, C, D,and E associated therewith. The relationship component searches andaccesses other objects having at least one of A, B, C, D, and Emetadata. The accessed objects can have as few as one piece of metadatain common with the primary object. Alternatively, the accessed objectscan have any combination of the A, B, C, D, and E metadata.

The related objects as well as the primary object can be displayed by adisplay component 140 coupled to the relationship component 120. Thedisplay component 140 can render the primary object and the relatedobjects. An exemplary display 150 via the display component 140comprises a focal object 160 (e.g., primary object) and a plurality ofrelated objects surrounding the focal object 160. The related objectscan be organized into groups (e.g., related objects1 162, relatedobjects2 164, related objects3 166, and related objectsM 168, where M isan integer greater than or equal to one) according to the metadatashared in common with the focal object 160.

Optionally, the system 100 can include an artificial intelligence (AI)component 170 operatively coupled to the relationship component 120. Therelationship component 120 can employ the AI component 170 toautomatically determine which objects are related to the primary objectbased at least upon one or more inferences. The inferences can be basedin part upon explicit training of classifier(s) (not shown) beforeemploying the system 100 or implicit training based at least upon auser's previous actions, commands, instructions, and the like during useof the system 100. The AI component 170 can employ any suitable scheme(e.g., neural networks, expert systems, Bayesian belief networks, SVMs,Hidden Markov Models, fuzzy logic, data fusion, etc.) in accordance withimplementing various automated aspects of the subject invention. Moreparticularly, the AI component 170 can facilitate determining and/orinferring a most appropriate set of related objects to display inconnection with the primary object. The AI component can factorhistorical data, extrinsic data, context, data content, state of theuser and can compute environmental state, cost of displaying incorrectobjects (e.g., least related or lesser degree of relatedness) versusbenefits of displaying desired objects (e.g., most related or higherdegree of relatedness), utility analysis, and the like.

Moreover, the system 100 can employ explicitly trained as well asimplicitly trained classifiers in connection with inferring desiredobjects to expose to the user. For example, the system 100 can beexplicitly trained by watching a user over time (e.g., any suitable timeperiod) to learn how the user likes to organize, arrange, and viewprimary as well as related objects and thus automatically provides suchorganization and/or arrangements to the user based upon the training.

Various methodologies in accordance with the subject invention will nowbe described via a series of acts, it is to be understood andappreciated that the present invention is not limited by the order ofacts, as some acts may, in accordance with the present invention, occurin different orders and/or concurrently with other acts from that shownand described herein. For example, those skilled in the art willunderstand and appreciate that a methodology could alternatively berepresented as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in astate diagram. Moreover, not all illustrated acts may be required toimplement a methodology in accordance with the present invention.

Referring initially to FIG. 2, there is illustrated a flow diagram of anexemplary methodology 200 that facilitates accessing objects inaccordance with an aspect of the present invention. The methodology 200begins at 210 wherein a first object is received. The first object canbe received from a database such as by a user-based search request, forexample. The first object can have any suitable number of attributes ormetadata (e.g., either system or user annotated) associated therewith.At 220, the first object is displayed in the center of a display screen,for example. At 230, a plurality of additional objects which are relatedto the first object can be concurrently displayed with the first object.

The additional objects are related to the first object by respectivemetadata or classes of metadata associated with the objects. That is,the additional objects share one or more metadata in common with thefirst object. Furthermore, the additional objects can be grouped and/orclustered by their respective metadata (e.g., same author, movies,books, etc.) such that one or more groups and/or clusters of objects arearranged around or peripheral to the first object. Each additionalobject and/or cluster of objects displayed can have additional metadataassociated therewith. This facilitates browsing objects related to thefirst object according to one or more attributes of the first object.

The above methodology can be repeated to continue accessing and browsingobjects. For example, to continue browsing among objects related to thefirst object, a user can select an object in one of the displayedclusters. Thus, a new first object is received and displayed in thecenter of the screen. Again, this new first object comprises one or moremetadata. New additional objects or clusters thereof having metadata incommon with the new first object are populated in peripheral areas ofthe screen. Hence, the user can determine an Nth degree of separation(e.g., N is an integer greater than or equal to one) between objects asthe methodology is repeated.

In practice, for example, the first object received and displayed can bean image of a record cover for Elton John's Greatest Hits Vol. 1(referred to as “Elton John record”). The record comprises a pluralityof metadata such as, for example, singer, songwriter, copyright, recordlabel, and producer. Additional objects having at least one metadata incommon with the Elton John record are arranged in respective groups orclusters around the record cover. Examples of the additional objectsinclude other records by Elton John (e.g., singer metadata), othersingers who have collaborated with Elton John (e.g., singer metadata),other records produced by the same record label (e.g., producer and/orrecord label metadata), and movies which have included at least one songby Elton John on its soundtrack (e.g., singer metadata). Each of theseobjects also has other metadata associated therewith. Thus, a user whoinitially searched for Elton John's Greatest Hits Vol. 1 can now browsethrough a number of other objects that are related to the Elton Johnrecord according to at least one attribute of the Elton John record byan Nth degree of separation.

Moreover, the present invention allows a user to initially focus down toa narrow set of attributes (e.g., the first object) and then broaden outto related but more generalized attributes. After drilling down to aspecific set of attributes, one or more of those attributes can berelaxed by user preferences, thereby allowing the user to browse otherobjects in the neighborhood of the first object. For instance, the usercan see what is “next door” to the first object without specificallysearching for (e.g., by user-based search request) and/or actuallyknowing what is next door. Unlike conventional search/browse systems andmechanisms that require the user to have specific information in orderto locate a desired object, the user can easily and quickly find his/herdesired objects by continuously browsing among related objects viametadata trees in the above described manner while having only bits ofinformation at hand.

Referring now to FIG. 3, there is illustrated a flow diagram of anexemplary process 300 that facilitates browsing and accessing objects inaccordance with an aspect of the present invention. The process 300 canbegin with receiving a first object at 310 from one or more databases.The first object 310 has metadata associated therewith and can bereceived for example by a user-based search request mechanism. Othermechanisms can also be employed to receive the first object.

One approach to the process 300 involves performing a non-specificsearch request using one or more attributes (metadata) such as when thedesired object is not known. For example, when a user would like to finda particular book title written by Stephen King or one of his otherpseudonyms published in the 1990's but does not know the title of thebook, the author, and/or the year it was published, a user can enter oneor more non-specific search terms in order to retrieve an objectsomewhat related to or in the neighborhood of the desired object (e.g.,book cover/title). Thus, at 320, a cover of a book entitled “The Stand”published in 1990 and authored by Stephen King is centrally displayed tothe user. At 330, a plurality of additional objects (e.g., book titles,movies, websites, news articles, etc.) having respective metadataassociated therewith. The respective metadata of the additional objectsare at least in part related to the metadata associated with “The Stand”are displayed peripheral to “The Stand” book cover.

The additional objects selected to be displayed are a function ofstrength of correlation of respective metadata with the metadataassociated with “The Stand” book cover (e.g., first object). Metadataassociated with the first object can be weighted to determine thestrength of correlation between the first object and other objectsselected for clustering. The weight of each metadata associated with thefirst object can be determined based at least in part upon user input(e.g., via a user-based search request).

In one aspect of the present invention, objects having the strongestcorrelation to the first object in terms of their respective metadataare displayed. For example, other Stephen King books published in the1990's are displayed since they strongly correlate to the first object(e.g., “The Stand” book cover). However, Stephen King books publishedprior to 1990 or after 1999 may not be displayed since the correlationof metadata with respect to the first object is relatively weaker. Otherexamples of objects having a relatively strong correlation with “TheStand” metadata (e.g., order of weight heaviest to lightest: StephenKing, author, publisher, date, title, genre) can include clusters ofother Stephen King books (e.g., book covers) published in the 1990's;books written under King's pseudonym Richard Bachman in the 1990's;movies based on Stephen King novels; other novels in the Richard Bachmangenre; other novels in the Stephen King genre; and/or other novels in asimilar genre published by the same publisher. Hence, other novels in asimilar genre published by the same publisher would exhibit the weakestcorrelation with respect to the clustered objects displayed.

According to another aspect, location or placement of an object orcluster of objects with respect to the first object (e.g., center offocus) can be a function of the correlation of its respective metadatawith the first object metadata. Still referring to the example above,other Stephen King books written in the 1990's can have a more proximatelocation with respect to the first object than movies based on StephenKing books. Similarly, a depth location and/or size of the clusterobjects can vary based at least in part upon a correlation of therespective metadata with the first object metadata. Thus, objectscorresponding to books written by King's pseudonym and published in the1990's can appear larger in size and/or at a lesser depth than objectscorresponding to books of a similar genre as King which were publishedin the 1990's.

Another form of a non-specific search request can entail even less knowninformation. For example, a user might want to see everything thathappened around Thanksgiving last year. The object having the closestmatch (in terms of metadata) to the request can be centrally displayedwith other close matches appropriately arranged by their respectivemetadata around the center object. For example, closer matches can belocated closer to the central object. Moreover, accessing and browsingobjects in this manner facilitates refining searches visually ratherthan through only typed word or phrase entries.

A second approach involves conducting a search request using morespecific information and/or metadata. In particular, a user can selector request access to a particular object to be displayed, therebyfocusing on the particular object and/or its associated metadata. Forexample, a user wants to see, browse, and/or access all photographobjects created up to two weeks before and/or up to two days after Dec.25, 2002 that include Mom therein. Objects having metadata such as datemetadata (e.g., creation date from Dec. 11 through Dec. 27, 2002; Dec.25, 2002) and “mom” metadata can be accessed and displayed to the user.

Thus, the user specifically searches for photographs which areassociated with the specified date range, “Dec. 25, 2002”, and “mom”. Afirst photograph P comprising the “Dec. 25, 2002” and “mom” metadata iscentrally displayed as a center of focus. Additional photographsincluding “mom” created within the specified date range are populated inthe display area peripheral to the center photograph. Such additionalphotographs that have common metadata can be grouped into one or moreclusters. For example, a first cluster comprises all photographs thatinclude mom and dad with a Dec. 20, 2002 creation date and a secondcluster includes all photographs with mom, brother, and sister with aDec. 26, 2002 creation date. Any suitable number of cluster formationscan be populated depending on the available display real estate as wellas user preferences.

Because the photographs in the clusters can comprise other metadata, anyone of these photographs could be selected as a new center of focus tothereby facilitate browsing through one or more related branches ofmetadata. For instance, the user selects a photograph P1 of mom and dad(metadata) to be the new center of focus. Accordingly, new clusters ofphotographs and/or other objects having metadata in common with the newcenter of focus are populated peripheral to the center of focus.Previously displayed clusters are removed from the display and/or can besaved in a historical component. The cluster from which the new centerof focus was selected is kept on the display in order to preservecontext.

Moreover, once a first object is displayed, the screen is populated withone or more additional objects (or clusters of objects) which share atleast one attribute of relative strength with the first object, therebyallowing the user to browse through objects that are nearby, next to,and/or related to the first object. Further, location of the clusterscan be indicative of the relationship between the first object and therespective clusters. Hence, the present invention provides suggestion tothe user thereby mitigating a need for user-based advanced searchskills.

Turning to FIG. 4, there is demonstrated an exemplary flow diagram of aprocess 400 that facilitates accessing and/or browsing objects inaccordance with an aspect of the present invention. For example, a usercan input a search request at 410. The search request can access one ormore available databases. One object having the closest match to thesearch request is displayed centrally on a user interface screen at 420.At 430, one or more clusters or groups of objects related (in terms ofmetadata) to the center object are populated around the center objecteither in a random order or as a function of strength of correlation ofmetadata, thus varying in location, depth location and/or size.

At 440, the user can visualize the objects and/or cluster(s) anddetermine whether the objects displayed are close enough to what s/hedesired. If the determination is no, then the user can input a newsearch request at 410. Alternatively, the user can perform at least twosearches that produce different results, the intersection of which canyield the user's desired object.

However, if the determination is yes, then the user can browse theobjects in the cluster(s) at 450. An object within one of the cluster(s)can be selected at 460 to become a new center object at 470. Selecting anew center object results in at least partially modifying the focus ofthe browsing. That is, changing the center object automatically causesnew and/or different cluster(s) to be populated and displayed around thenew center object, such as at 480.

Moreover, clusters of objects are populated dynamically with respect tothe current center object and according to the metadata associated withthe center object. This dynamic clustering of objects facilitates simpleand fast visual browsing of objects, thereby mitigating the need foradvanced search skills. The process 400 can essentially be repeated asdesired by the user.

Referring to FIGS. 5-8, general block diagrams of various exemplary userinterfaces that facilitate accessing and browsing objects areillustrated in accordance with the present invention are shown. FIG. 5depicts one such exemplary user interface 500 for accessing and browsingobjects. The user interface comprises a window display 510 that displaysa center object 520 and one or more peripheral clusters 530 relatedthereto (individually referred to as peripheral cluster1 532, peripheralcluster2 534, peripheral cluster3 536, and peripheral clusterR 538,where R is an integer greater than or equal to one). The viewable sizeof the center object 520 and the peripheral cluster(s) 530 is limited bythe available display real estate as well as by the physical dimensionsof the display screen. Although four peripheral clusters are depicted inFIG. 5, it should be appreciated that any suitable number of clusterscan be populated and employed to carry out the present invention.

The center object 520 can have a plurality of metadata attached thereto.The one or more peripheral clusters 530, which have metadata related tothe center metadata, are displayed around the center object 520 whereinthe location, depth location, and/or relative size of each cluster maybe a function of strength of correlation of its metadata relative to thecenter metadata. In particular, each cluster 530 comprises one or moreobjects wherein each object has metadata similar or related to thecenter metadata. The cluster metadata can have a plurality of classes550 such that the clusters 530 are defined by the respective classes 550(denoted as class1 552, class2 554, class3 556, and classC 558, where Cis an integer greater than or equal to one).

For example, imagine browsing movie titles where the center object 520is Top Gun. The clusters 530 could include a Tom Cruise cluster 532(comprising other Tom Cruise movies), a jet-fighter cluster 534(comprising other movies with jet-fighting scenes, books onjet-fighting, books on jet fighters), a Tony Scott cluster 536(comprising other movies, projects, plays directed by or involving TonyScott), and a records cluster 538 (comprising records of artists whosesongs appeared on the Top Gun soundtrack). Other potential clusterscould include a news cluster (comprising news articles about Top Gun,Tom Cruise, Val Kilmer, Tony Scott, Kelly McGillis, and/or other big80's movies) and any other cluster populated with objects sharingmetadata with the Top Gun metadata.

According to the foregoing example, the center metadata involves severalaspects of the movie Top Gun. These aspects or classes define therespective clusters. The one or more classes 550 readily identify eachcluster of objects and implicitly demonstrate how each cluster 530 isrelated to the center object 520. As shown in FIG. 5, the class 550 foreach cluster 530 can appear adjacent to each respective cluster 530.

It should be appreciated that a metadata class can also be a metadataobject depending on the context of objects being browsed. For instance,imagine that the center object 520 is a picture of Julia Roberts. Inthis instance, “Julia Roberts” is the center object metadata. However,in another instance, the center object 520 is a movie cover for RunawayBride. In this case, “Julia Roberts” would be a metadata class defininga cluster comprising all of her movies (e.g., each object in the clustercorresponds to one of her movies).

In practice, the center object 520 on display can result from auser-based search that is narrow or broad wherein either searchcomprises inputting or selecting one or more metadata terms (e.g.,attribute(s)) to facilitate accessing and browsing one or more desiredobjects. For example, an input component 540 receives a search requestfor a journal article entitled Banana Crops: The Next Generation writtenby Jane Smith on Jul. 7, 2002. One or more databases (not shown) can beaccessed during such a search. The search can result in the centerobject being the front page of such article. Alternatively, a searchrequest for attributes such as journal articles on the topic ofgenetically modified fruit written in July 2002 can yield a similarresult. This similar result is based at least in part upon whether themetadata attached to such article has the strongest and/or closest matchto the metadata/attributes contained in the search request.

To provide alternative or additional pathways for a user to browse, oneor more seeds 560 (e.g., seed1, seed2, and seedS, where S is an integergreater than or equal to one) can be listed in a seed display panel 570of the user interface 500. The seeds also relate to the center object520 according to metadata extracted from at least the center object.Metadata can also be extracted from the clusters to populate the seeds560. In one example, the user decides to shift from browsingagricultural journal articles to browsing medical journal articles. Byselecting (e.g., clicking) the appropriate seed 560 in the seed displaypanel 570, a new center object would appear along with new peripheralclusters which are appropriately related to the new center object. Thenew center object should exemplify the selected seed.

Peripheral clusters 530 can be browsed by positioning a mouse or pointercomponent (not shown) over the desired cluster 530. The cluster can havean elliptical shape (described infra in FIGS. 7 and 8) such that as themouse is positioned over the cluster, the objects in the cluster rotatein an elliptical or otherwise circular motion. When a peripheral cluster530 such as peripheral cluster1 532 is moused over, the cluster 532 isenlarged with respect to the remaining clusters 534, 536, and 538 tomake better use of screen real estate. Thus, objects within the mousedover cluster 532 are easier to view by the user.

When an object within a peripheral cluster 530 is selected by the user,the cluster 530 is moved to the upper left corner, for example, so thatcontext is consistently preserved. The selected object is moved to thecenter of the display 510 and becomes the new object of focus. Theprevious center object is removed from the display along with the othercorresponding clusters. As new center objects and new peripheralclusters are populated, one or more seeds 560 in the seed panel 570 alsoadapt and change dynamically according to the new center object andperipheral clusters. The seeds 560 can be represented by iconsillustrative of the respective seed. Thus, the peripheral contents(e.g., 530, 550, and 560) and the organization thereof on the display510 dynamically change coincident with the center object 520.

It is to be appreciated that user-based search/selection input (e.g., tofacilitate accessing, browsing, and/or clustering the objects) isintended to include instructions provided via classifier(s) (e.g.,explicitly and/or implicitly trained). Accordingly, as object(s) arereceived into one or more databases (not shown) and/or populated intocluster(s), an annotation mechanism and/or system can annotate theobject(s) and cluster the objects, respectively, based at least in partupon employment of a classifier(s). Thus, a properly tuned classifiercan greatly facilitate working with the object(s) in accordance with thesubject invention.

FIG. 6 is very similar to FIG. 5, however, an additional component isdepicted in FIG. 5. In addition to the features described above, FIG. 6also comprises a historical component 610. The historical componentcomprises previously displayed center objects for any suitable period oftime to provide a means for quick recall of such objects (e.g., centerobject and related cluster objects). It can also provide context to anongoing and/or lengthy browsing session. In addition, the historicalcomponent 610 can be programmed to formulate statistical information, toextract metadata therefrom, and to analyze common themes and/or trendsamong the objects in the historical component 610. Thus, a user cantrack what objects and/or clusters have been previously focused onand/or browsed. The historical component as well as a seed panel display620 can be minimized to make better use of screen real estate whilebrowsing the clusters 530.

Referring now to FIG. 7, there is a schematic diagram of a relationshipbetween a center object 700 and one or more peripheral clusters 710(collectively 710) in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention. The center object 700 comprises one or more metadata such asmetadata1, metadata2, metadata3, metadata4, metadata5, and metadataM,wherein M is an integer greater than or equal to one. The one or moreperipheral clusters 710 are populated upon the selection and/or displayof the center object 700. Thus, each peripheral cluster can be populatedwith one or more objects wherein each object has at least one metadatain common with the center object 700. As shown, cluster 720 comprisesobjects having metadata1, cluster 730 comprises objects havingmetadata2, cluster 740 comprises objects having metadata3, cluster 750comprises objects having metadata4, cluster 760 comprises objects havingmetadata5, and cluster 770 comprises objects having metadataM. Althougheach cluster 710 is demonstrated as having one metadata in common withthe center object 700, each cluster can have more than one metadata incommon with as well as other metadata not in common with the centerobject 700.

New metadata associated with each cluster and its objects can also beextracted therefrom and then attached (via an annotation mechanism) tothe individual objects. Thus, objects can have user-annotated metadata(e.g., extrinsic metadata), system annotated metadata (e.g., intrinsicmetadata), and/or third party-annotated metadata (e.g., byprofessionals—extrinsic and/or intrinsic metadata).

FIG. 8 depicts a closer view of the diagram illustrated in FIG. 7. Inparticular, a center object 810 is displayed centrally with respect toat least one cluster 820 located peripherally thereto. The cluster 820comprises one or more objects 830 arranged in an elliptical or otherwisecircular formation such that when a mouse or pointer is positionedthereover, the objects 830 rotate either in a forward motion 840 or abackward motion (not shown), depending on the position/location of themouse. A front-most object 850 is highlighted (e.g., such as by adifferent color line around the object—shown with solid line) indicatingthat it can be selected to become a new center object. The objectsbehind the front most object 850 gradually blend or fade into thebackground (shown with dotted line), thus enhancing the visual contrastbetween the front most object 850 and all other objects 830 in thecluster 820.

FIG. 9 demonstrates a more detailed view of the diagram of FIG. 8. InFIG. 9, a center object 910 is illustrated as having at least onemetadata (e.g., metadata10) associated therewith. At least oneperipheral cluster 920 is represented as having a plurality of objects930 and a plurality of metadata 940 (floating in the cluster 920)associated therewith. In particular, the objects 930 (e.g., objectP1,objectP2, objectP3, objectP4, objectP5, and objectP) in the cluster 920each have at least metadata10, metadata12, metadata13, and metadataPassociated therewith. The objectP1 950 also comprises metadata11.

The methodologies and user interfaces as described hereinabove can beemployed in a wide range of user applications, depending on the user'sneeds and/or desires. FIGS. 9 and 10 demonstrate a mere sampling ofapplications that the present invention may be applied to in order toillustrate its many practical uses and functionality in nearly all, ifnot all, scenarios involving searching, accessing and/or browsing for adesired object(s) or item(s).

Referring now to FIGS. 10 and 11, there are illustrated exemplary userinterfaces that facilitate accessing and browsingmovie/actor/actress/director-related objects in accordance with anaspect of the present invention.

FIG. 10 depicts a user interface 1000 comprises a display screen 1010, acenter object of focus 1020 located centrally with respect to otheritems represented on the display screen 1010, and four ellipticalclusters 1030 of objects 1040 placed peripherally to the center object1020. The center object depicts (by movie cover) a movie entitled BladeRunner as indicated by a center identifier 1050. The center identifier1050 indicates the metadata or metadata class as represented by thecenter object 1020. The center object 1020 as shown involves “BladeRunner” metadata as opposed to “Harrison Ford” metadata and the like.Therefore, clusters 1030 should relate to “Blade Runner” by an Nthdegree of separation.

As illustrated in the figure, cluster metadata 1055 for each displayedcluster 1030 relate to the “Blade Runner” metadata. For example, cluster1060 includes other movies in which Harrison Ford appeared as an actor(“Harrison Ford” metadata). Hence, a relationship or degree ofseparation exists between the center object 1020 and the cluster 1060 asevidenced by Harrison Ford—who was an actor in Blade Runner as well. Inessence, the clusters 1030 individually expand on an attribute of thecenter object 1020. Similar observations can be made with respect to theother clusters as well.

When an individual cluster is being browsed (e.g., moused over), as incluster 1070, its viewable size is increased relative to the otherclusters to make better use of the display real estate. During browsing,a front most object 1072 is outlined with an off-color border toidentify it as the front most object 1072 and to indicate that it is canbe selected. The objects behind the front most object 1072 graduallyblend into the background as can be seen in the figure.

The user interface 1000 also comprises a seed listing 1080 entitled“genre” comprising a plurality of seeds each depicting a different moviegenre. The user may want to shift his/her focus and such can beaccomplished by choosing one of the displayed seeds 1080. Selecting oneof the genre seeds causes a new center object of focus to be displayedalong with a corresponding set of related clusters.

Finally, a history 1090 is included on the display 1000 which can beused by the user to track and/or recall previous centers of focus and/orthe related clusters and/or previous searches conducted. The objectscontained in the history can be arranged in chronological order ineither an ascending or descending arrangement. Furthermore, objects inthe history component are available for selection by the user. In oneinstance, the user decides to resume or return to a previous focus andin doing so, selects an object from the history 1090. In a secondinstance, the user wants to determine the degree of separation betweenhis initial focus and his final focus. Other instances for wanting toemploy the history 1090 can be imagined and such are contemplated tofall within the scope of the present invention. The correspondingperipheral clusters can be displayed as they were previously to recreatea previous search/browse event performed by the user.

FIG. 11 illustrates another exemplary user interface for a differentapplication of the subject invention. In FIG. 11, a user interface 1100is shown as employed in connection with a “people browser”functionality. This user interface 1100 facilitates accessing andbrowsing through people-related objects such as, for example, thoseincluded on an address list database, those included on an employee listdatabase, and the like. More specifically, the user interface 1100 canbe employed to browse and display a hierarchal arrangement of employees,for example, as shown herein.

The user interface 1100 comprises a display screen 1110 that displays acenter object of focus 1120 and one or more related clusters 1130 ofobjects (one or more objects). Here, the objects 1135 in each cluster1130 are in the form of index-like cards (e.g., contact card) organizedinto an elliptical array. When moused over, the clusters 1130individually rotate either forward or backward about an axis such thatcards behind a front most card gradually fade into the background. Thedirection of the rotation of each cluster depends on the position of themouse or pointing device.

The cards have metadata (e.g., intrinsic and extrinsic) associatedtherewith such as name, title, email address, phone number, officeaddress, status (e.g., at work, online, away, offline, etc.) as well asa picture of the person named. Additional metadata or information aboutthe person can be included on or associated with the cards but generallyis “hidden” or minimized to make better use of screen real estate.

In FIG. 11, the center object 1120 corresponds to any employee selectedand/or of interest to a user; for example, “Angela Butcher”. Otherclusters 1130 of people bearing some relationship (direct and/orindirect) to Angela Butcher are organized around her according to ahierarchal arrangement. For example, employees in peer positions(“peers” 1140) are included in one cluster to the left of Angela,employees who directly report to Angela (“direct reports”) are arrangedin a cluster 1150 below her 1120, employees having a similar title(“same title” 1160) are located to the right of her 1120, and amanagement chain (“management” 1170) to whom Angela reports are locatedabove her 1120. Though not shown in the figure, a seed listing such asdescribed above in FIG. 10 can also be employed. In FIG. 11, the seedscan correspond to departments, product groups, position levels,positions within the company, for instance.

Finally, the exemplary user interface 1100 includes a history 1180 thatrecords and/or maintains a list of previous objects of focus. Metadatarelating to a date the respective objects were accessed and/or browsedcan be attached to the respective objects and saved in their respectivedatabases. This type of metadata can facilitate subsequent searchrequests for objects accessed on a particular date, for example.Optionally, objects in the history can be removed manually and/orautomatically based at least in part upon user preferences.

In sum, the respective clusters 1140, 1150, 1160, 1170 are arrangedand/or organized with respect to the center object 1120 according to therespective metadata associated with each object and/or cluster. Thehierarchal arrangement depicted herein is similar to organizing theclusters by the weight or strength of correlation of their respectivemetadata relative to the center object metadata. Moreover, the physicalarrangement or display of the clusters with respect to the center objectfacilitates demonstrating a relationship between the center object 1120and one or more clusters 1130 and provides the user quick and easyaccess to related objects, or in this case, to related people accordingto an organization/hierarchy tree.

To provide additional context for various aspects of the presentinvention, FIG. 12 and the following discussion are intended to providea brief, general description of a suitable operating environment 1210 inwhich various aspects of the present invention may be implemented. Whilethe invention is described in the general context of computer-executableinstructions, such as program modules, executed by one or more computersor other devices, those skilled in the art will recognize that theinvention can also be implemented in combination with other programmodules and/or as a combination of hardware and software.

Generally, however, program modules include routines, programs, objects,components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks orimplement particular data types. The operating environment 1210 is onlyone example of a suitable operating environment and is not intended tosuggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of theinvention. Other well known computer systems, environments, and/orconfigurations that may be suitable for use with the invention includebut are not limited to, personal computers, hand-held or laptop devices,multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, programmableconsumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers,distributed computing environments that include the above systems ordevices, and the like.

With reference to FIG. 12, an exemplary environment 1210 forimplementing various aspects of the invention includes a computer 1212.The computer 1212 includes a processing unit 1214, a system memory 1216,and a system bus 1218. The system bus 1218 couples system componentsincluding, but not limited to, the system memory 1216 to the processingunit 1214. The processing unit 1214 can be any of various availableprocessors. Dual microprocessors and other multiprocessor architecturesalso can be employed as the processing unit 1214.

The system bus 1218 can be any of several types of bus structure(s)including the memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus orexternal bus, and/or a local bus using any variety of available busarchitectures including, but not limited to, 11-bit bus, IndustrialStandard Architecture (ISA), Micro-Channel Architecture (MSA), ExtendedISA (EISA), Intelligent Drive Electronics (IDE), VESA Local Bus (VLB),Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), Universal Serial Bus (USB),Advanced Graphics Port (AGP), Personal Computer Memory CardInternational Association bus (PCMCIA), and Small Computer SystemsInterface (SCSI).

The system memory 1216 includes volatile memory 1220 and nonvolatilememory 1222. The basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basicroutines to transfer information between elements within the computer1212, such as during start-up, is stored in nonvolatile memory 1222. Byway of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory 1222 caninclude read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electricallyprogrammable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flashmemory. Volatile memory 1220 includes random access memory (RAM), whichacts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and notlimitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM(SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rateSDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), anddirect Rambus RAM (DRRAM).

Computer 1212 also includes removable/nonremovable, volatile/nonvolatilecomputer storage media. FIG. 12 illustrates, for example a disk storage1224. Disk storage 1224 includes, but is not limited to, devices like amagnetic disk drive, floppy disk drive, tape drive, Jaz drive, Zipdrive, LS-110 drive, flash memory card, or memory stick. In addition,disk storage 1224 can include storage media separately or in combinationwith other storage media including, but not limited to, an optical diskdrive such as a compact disk ROM device (CD-ROM), CD recordable drive(CD-R Drive), CD rewritable drive (CD-RW Drive) or a digital versatiledisk ROM drive (DVD-ROM). To facilitate connection of the disk storagedevices 1224 to the system bus 1218, a removable or non-removableinterface is typically used such as interface 1226.

It is to be appreciated that FIG. 12 describes software that acts as anintermediary between users and the basic computer resources described insuitable operating environment 1210. Such software includes an operatingsystem 1228. Operating system 1228, which can be stored on disk storage1224, acts to control and allocate resources of the computer system1212. System applications 1230 take advantage of the management ofresources by operating system 1228 through program modules 1232 andprogram data 1234 stored either in system memory 1216 or on disk storage1224. It is to be appreciated that the present invention can beimplemented with various operating systems or combinations of operatingsystems.

A user enters commands or information into the computer 1212 throughinput device(s) 1236. Input devices 1236 include, but are not limitedto, a pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad,keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, TVtuner card, digital camera, digital video camera, web camera, and thelike. These and other input devices connect to the processing unit 1214through the system bus 1218 via interface port(s) 1238. Interfaceport(s) 1238 include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, agame port, and a universal serial bus (USB). Output device(s) 1240 usesome of the same type of ports as input device(s) 1236. Thus, forexample, a USB port may be used to provide input to computer 1212, andto output information from computer 1212 to an output device 1240.Output adapter 1242 is provided to illustrate that there are some outputdevices 1240 like monitors, speakers, and printers among other outputdevices 1240 that require special adapters. The output adapters 1242include, by way of illustration and not limitation, video and soundcards that provide a means of connection between the output device 1240and the system bus 1218. It should be noted that other devices and/orsystems of devices provide both input and output capabilities such asremote computer(s) 1244.

Computer 1212 can operate in a networked environment using logicalconnections to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer(s)1244. The remote computer(s) 1244 can be a personal computer, a server,a router, a network PC, a workstation, a microprocessor based appliance,a peer device or other common network node and the like, and typicallyincludes many or all of the elements described relative to computer1212. For purposes of brevity, only a memory storage device 1246 isillustrated with remote computer(s) 1244. Remote computer(s) 1244 islogically connected to computer 1212 through a network interface 1248and then physically connected via communication connection 1250. Networkinterface 1248 encompasses communication networks such as local-areanetworks (LAN) and wide-area networks (WAN). LAN technologies includeFiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Copper Distributed DataInterface (CDDI), Ethernet/IEEE 1102.3, Token Ring/IEEE 1102.5 and thelike. WAN technologies include, but are not limited to, point-to-pointlinks, circuit switching networks like Integrated Services DigitalNetworks (ISDN) and variations thereon, packet switching networks, andDigital Subscriber Lines (DSL).

Communication connection(s) 1250 refers to the hardware/softwareemployed to connect the network interface 1248 to the bus 1218. Whilecommunication connection 1250 is shown for illustrative clarity insidecomputer 1212, it can also be external to computer 1212. Thehardware/software necessary for connection to the network interface 1248includes, for exemplary purposes only, internal and externaltechnologies such as, modems including regular telephone grade modems,cable modems and DSL modems, ISDN adapters, and Ethernet cards.

What has been described above includes examples of the presentinvention. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivablecombination of components or methodologies for purposes of describingthe present invention, but one of ordinary skill in the art mayrecognize that many further combinations and permutations of the presentinvention are possible. Accordingly, the present invention is intendedto embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fallwithin the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to theextent that the term “includes” is used in either the detaileddescription or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in amanner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpretedwhen employed as a transitional word in a claim.

1. A system that facilitates displaying objects, comprising: an inputcomponent that receives an input regarding a first object; arelationship component coupled to the input component that receivesmetadata associated with the first object and, based on the metadataassociated with the first object, searches and accesses one or moredatabases having metadata related to the first object, the one or moredatabases further having a plurality of other objects having metadatarelated to the first object; a display component, coupled to therelationship component, that concurrently displays the first object withat least one or more groups of the plurality of other objects, whereinthe at least one or more groups of the plurality of other objects aredisplayed into clusters based on a strength of correlation of themetadata related to the at least one or more groups of the plurality ofobjects and the metadata related to the first object, and whereinmousing over the plurality of objects accesses and enlarges the mousedover object; and an artificial intelligence component that infers theorganization of the at least one or more groups of the plurality ofother objects to display.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein theartificial intelligence component comprises at least one of neuralnetworks, expert systems, Bayesian belief networks, SVMs, Hidden MarkovModels, and fuzzy logic.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein theartificial intelligence component is implicitly trained by observinguser behavior in connection with browsing among the plurality of otherobjects with respect to the first object.
 4. The system of claim 1,wherein the input regarding the first object is based at least in partupon user-based instructions.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein theplurality of other objects having metadata correlating closely with themetadata related to the first object are displayed closer to the firstobject.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the correlation to the firstobject is based at least upon user-assigned weights assigned to metadatafields.
 7. A computer-implemented method that facilitates accessingobjects, comprising: receiving a first object; receiving metadataassociated with the first object; searching and accessing, based on themetadata associated with the first object, one or more databases havingmetadata related to the first object, the one or more databases furtherhaving a plurality of other objects having metadata related to the firstobject; displaying the first object concurrently with the plurality ofother objects, wherein the plurality of other objects have metadatarelated to the metadata of the first object; and organizing by inferencethe display of the plurality of other objects into clusters based on astrength of correlation of the metadata associated with each of theplurality of other objects and the metadata associated with the firstobject, wherein the metadata are assigned a user-assigned weight, andwherein mousing over the plurality of other objects access and enlargesthe moused over object.
 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 7,further comprising browsing the plurality of other objects with respectto the first object, the first object being a center of focus.
 9. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 7, further comprising: selectingone of the plurality of other objects wherein the selected objectbecomes a second object; replacing the first object with the secondobject to become a new center of focus; displaying the second objectconcurrently with a plurality of other objects wherein, the otherobjects having metadata related to the metadata of the second object.10. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein the first objectis displayed centrally on a display screen.
 11. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 7, wherein the plurality of other objects are displayedperipheral to the first object.
 12. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 7, wherein the metadata comprises at least one of intrinsicmetadata and extrinsic metadata.
 13. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 7, wherein displaying the first object concurrently with theplurality of other objects comprises organizing the plurality of otherobjects into clusters of related objects in one or more locations aroundthe first object.
 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 9,further comprising maintaining a historical list of objects of focus.